Mon

Wrapper, TypeAlias, Maybe, Result, Tree, Lazy, Either and Combinators for Java.

• Maven Usage
• Wrapper - light-weight type-alias-like
• TypeAlias - type-alias-like monadic wrapper
• Maybe - Maybe, Just or Nothing
• Result - Result, Success or Err
• Tree - generic trees
• Lazy - lazy evaluation
• Either - Either, Left or Right
• Combinators - Before, After or Around

---

Maven Usage

<dependency>
    <groupId>net.kemitix</groupId>
    <artifactId>mon</artifactId>
    <version>${mon.version}</version>
</dependency>

---

Wrapper

A simple @FunctionalInterface that contains a value. Can be used to implement a form of type-alias in Java.

In Haskell, it is possible to create an alias for a Type, and to then use that alias with the same behaviour as the original, except that the compiler doesn't treat the alias as the same Type and will generate compiler errors if you try to use them together. e.g.:

newtype PhoneNumber = PhoneNumber String
newtype Name = Name String
newtype PhoneBookEntry = PhoneBookEntry (Name, PhoneNumber)
newtype PhoneBook = PhoneBook [PhoneBookEntry]

In Java, we don't have the ability to have that true alias, so Wrapper simply wraps the value within a new type. It's as close as I could get to a Haskell type alias in Java.

The benefits of using Wrapper in this way are:

• encapsulation of the wrapped type when passing references through code that doesn't need to access the actual value, but only to pass it on
• type-safe parameters where you would otherwise be passing generic Strings, Integers, Lists, or other general classes
• less verbose than implementing your own

Example

interface PhoneNumber extends Wrapper<String> {}

PhoneNumber pn = () -> "01234 567890";
String v = pn.value();

Instance Methods

T value()

Returns the value in the Wrapper.

Skip the Mon import

If the only thing you want is Wrapper, you can skip importing the mon dependency by declaring your types like so:

interface PhoneNumber {String value();}

This is functionally identical to the example above using Wrapper.

---

TypeAlias

This was a precursor to Wrapper and should be considered deprecated. It is also a form of wrapper, but is also a Monadic wrapper, unlike Wrapper.

Example

class PhoneNumber extends TypeAlias<String> {
    private PhoneNumber(final String value) {
        super(value);
    }
    public static PhoneNumber of(final String phoneNumber) {
        return new PhoneNumber(phoneNumber);
    }
}

PhoneNumber pn = PhoneNumber.of("01234 567890");
String v = pn.getValue();

Instance Methods

final <R> R map(final Function<T, R> f)

Map the TypeAlias into another value.

StudentId studentId = StudentId.of(123);
String idString = studentId.map(id -> String.valueOf(id));

class StudentId extends TypeAlias<Integer> {
    private StudentId(Integer value) {
        super(value);
    }
    static StudentId of(Integer id) {
        return new StudentId(id);
    }
}

---

final <R, U extends TypeAlias<R>> U flatMap(final Function<T, U> f)

Map the TypeAlias into another TypeAlias.

StudentId studentId = StudentId.of(123);
StudentName studentName = studentId.flatMap(id -> getStudentName(id));

class StudentName extends TypeAlias<String> {
    private StudentName(String value) {
        super(value);
    }
    static StudentName of(final String name) {
        return new StudentName(name);
    }
}

---

T getValue()

Get the value of the TypeAlias.

String name = studentName.getValue();

---

Maybe

Allows specifying that a value may or may not be present. Similar to Optional. Maybe provides additional methods that Optional doesn't (as of Java 8): isNothing(), stream(), ifNothing() and match(). Maybe does not have a get() method.

Maybe is a Monad.

Unlike Optional, when a map() results in a null, the Maybe will continue to be a Just (i.e. have a value - that value is null). Optional would switch to being empty.

Example

import net.kemitix.mon.maybe.Maybe;

import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.Predicate;

class MaybeExample {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Maybe.just(countArgs(args))
             .filter(isEven())
             .map(validMessage())
             .match(
                 just -> System.out.println(just),
                 () -> System.out.println("Not an valid value")
             );
    }

    private static Function<Integer, String> validMessage() {
        return v -> String.format("Value %d is even", v);
    }

    private static Predicate<Integer> isEven() {
        return v -> v % 2 == 0;
    }

    private static Integer countArgs(String[] args) {
        return args.length;
    }
}

In the above example, the number of command line arguments are counted, if there are an even number of them then a message is created and printed by the Consumer parameter in the match call. If there is an odd number of arguments, then the filter will return Maybe.nothing(), meaning that the nothing drops straight through the map and triggers the Runnable parameter in the match call.

Static Constructors

static <T> Maybe<T> maybe(T value)

Create a Maybe for the value that may or may not be present.

Where the value is null, that is taken as not being present.

Maybe<Integer> just = Maybe.maybe(1);
Maybe<Integer> nothing = Maybe.maybe(null);

---

static <T> Maybe<T> just(T value)

Create a Maybe for the value that is present.

The value must not be null or a NullPointerException will be thrown.

Maybe<Integer> just = Maybe.just(1);

---

static <T> Maybe<T> nothing()

Create a Maybe for a lack of a value.

Maybe<Integer> nothing = Maybe.nothing();

---

static <T> Maybe<T> findFirst(Stream<T> stream)

Creates a Maybe from the first item in the stream, or nothing if the stream is empty.

Maybe<Integer> just3   = Maybe.findFirst(Stream.of(3, 4, 2, 4));
Maybe<Integer> nothing = Maybe.findFirst(Stream.empty());

---

Instance Methods

Maybe<T> filter(Predicate<T> predicate)

Filter a Maybe by the predicate, replacing with Nothing when it fails.

Maybe<Integer> maybe = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                            .filter(v -> v % 2 == 0);

---

<R> Maybe<R> map(Function<T,R> f)

Applies the function to the value within the Maybe, returning the result within another Maybe.

Maybe<Integer> maybe = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                            .map(v -> v * 100);

---

<R> Maybe<R> flatMap(Function<T,Maybe<R>> f)

Applies the function to the value within the Maybe, resulting in another Maybe, then flattens the resulting Maybe<Maybe<T>> into Maybe<T>.

Maybe<Integer> maybe = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                            .flatMap(v -> Maybe.maybe(getValueFor(v)));

---

void match(Consumer<T> just, Runnable nothing)

Matches the Maybe, either to just or nothing, and performs either the Consumer, for a Just value, or the Runnable for a Nothing value.

Maybe.maybe(getValue())
     .match(
         just -> workWithValue(just),
           () -> nothingToWorkWith()
     );

---

<R> R matchValue(Function<T, R> justMatcher, Supplier<R> nothingMatcher)

Matches the Maybe, either Just or Nothing, and performs either the Function, for a Just value, or the Supplier for a Nothing value, returning the result.

String value = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                    .matchValue(
                                just -> Integer.toString(just),
                                  () -> "nothing"
                    );

---

T orElse(T otherValue)

A value to use when the Maybe is Nothing.

Integer value = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                     .orElse(1);

---

T orElseGet(Supplier<T> otherValueSupplier)

Provide a value to use when the Maybe is Nothing.

Integer value = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                     .orElseGet(() -> getDefaultValue());

---

T or(Supplier<Maybe<T> alternative)

Provide an alternative Maybe to use when the Maybe is Nothing.

Maybe<Integer> value = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                            .or(() -> Maybe.just(defaultValue));

---

void orElseThrow(Supplier<Exception> error)

Throw the exception if the Maybe is Nothing.

Integer value = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                     .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("error"));

---

Maybe<T> peek(Consumer<T> consumer)

Provide the value within the Maybe, if it exists, to the Consumer, and returns the original Maybe.

Maybe<Integer> maybe = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                            .peek(v -> v.foo());

void ifNothing(Runnable runnable)

Run the Runnable if the Maybe is Nothing, otherwise do nothing.

Maybe.maybe(getValue())
     .ifNothing(() -> doSomething());

---

Stream<T> stream()

Converts the Maybe into either a single value stream or an empty stream.

Stream<Integer> stream = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                              .stream();

---

boolean isJust()

Checks if the Maybe is a Just.

boolean isJust = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                      .isJust();

---

boolean isNothing()

Checks if the Maybe is Nothing.

boolean isNothing = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                         .isNothing();

---

Optional<T> toOptional()

Convert the Maybe to an Optional.

Optional<Integer> optional = Maybe.maybe(getValue())
                                  .toOptional();

---

Result

Allows handling error conditions without the need to catch exceptions.

When a Result is returned from a method, it will contain one of two values. Either the actual result, or an error in the form of an Exception. The exception is returned within the Result and is not thrown.

Result is a Monad.

Example

import net.kemitix.mon.result.Result;

import java.io.IOException;

class ResultExample implements Runnable {

    public static void main(final String[] args) {
        new ResultExample().run();
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        Result.of(() -> callRiskyMethod())
              .flatMap(state -> doSomething(state))
              .match(
                  success -> System.out.println(success),
                  error -> error.printStackTrace()
              );
    }

    private String callRiskyMethod() throws IOException {
        return "I'm fine";
    }

    private Result<String> doSomething(final String state) {
        return Result.of(() -> state + ", it's all good.");
    }

}

In the above example the string "I'm fine" is returned by callRiskyMethod() within a successful Result. The .flatMap() call, unwraps that Result and, as it is a success, passes the contents to doSomething(), which in turn returns a Result that the .flatMap() call returns. match() is called on the Result and, being a success, will call the success Consumer.

Had callRiskyMethod() thrown an exception it would have been caught by the Result.of() method, which would then return an error Result. An error Result would skip the flatMap and continue at the match() where it would have called the error Consumer.

Static Constructors

static <T> Result<T> of(Callable<T> callable)

Create a Result for the output of the Callable.

If the Callable throws an Exception, then the Result will be an error and will contain that exception.

This will be the main starting point for most Results where the callable could throw an Exception.

Result<Integer> okay = Result.of(() -> 1);
Result<Integer> error = Result.of(() -> {throw new RuntimeException();});

---

static <T> Result<T> ok(T value)

Create a Result for a success.

Use this where you have a value that you want to place into the Result context.

Result<Integer> okay = Result.ok(1);

---

static <T> Result<T> error(Throwable error)

Create a Result for an error.

Result<Integer> error = Result.error(new RuntimeException());

---

Static Methods

These static methods provide integration with the Maybe class.

static <T> Maybe<T> toMaybe(Result<T> result)

Creates a Maybe from the Result, where the Result is a success, then the Maybe will be a Just contain the value of the Result. However, if the Result is an error, then the Maybe will be Nothing.

Result<Integer> result = Result.of(() -> getValue());
Maybe<Integer> maybe   = Result.toMaybe(result);

---

static <T> Result<T> fromMaybe(Maybe<T> maybe, Supplier<Throwable> error)

Creates a Result from the Maybe, where the Result will be an error if the Maybe is nothing. Where the Maybe is nothing, then the Supplier<Throwable> will provide the error for the Result.

Maybe<Integer> maybe = Maybe.maybe(getValue());
Result<Integer> result = Result.fromMaybe(maybe, 
        () -> new NoSuchFileException("filename"));

---

static <T> Result<Maybe<T>> invert(Maybe<Result<T>> maybeResult)

Swaps the Result within a Maybe, so that Result contains a Maybe.

Maybe<Result<Integer>> maybe = Maybe.maybe(Result.of(() -> getValue()));
Result<Maybe<Integer>> result = Result.invert(maybe);

---

static <T,R> Result<Maybe<R>> flatMapMaybe(Result<Maybe<T>> maybeResult, Function<Maybe<T>,Result<Maybe<R>>> f)

Applies the function to the contents of a Maybe within the Result.

Result<Maybe<Integer>> result = Result.of(() -> Maybe.maybe(getValue()));
Result<Maybe<Integer>> maybeResult = Result.flatMapMaybe(result,
        maybe -> Result.of(() -> maybe.map(v -> v * 2)));

---

Instance Methods

<R> Result<R> map(Function<T,R> f)

If the Result is a success, then apply the function to the value within the Result, returning the result within another Result. If the Result is an error, then return the error.

Result<String> result = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                              .map(v -> String.valueOf(v));

---

<R> Result<R> flatMap(Function<T,Result<R>> f)

If the Result is a success, then return a new Result containing the result of applying the function to the contents of the Result. If the Result is an error, then return the error.

Result<String> result = 
        Result.of(() -> getValue())
              .flatMap(v -> Result.of(() -> String.valueOf(v)));

---

<R> Result<R> andThen(Function<T,Callable<R>> f)

Maps a successful Result to another Result using a Callable that is able to throw a checked exception.

Result<String> result =
        Result.of(() -> getValue())
              .andThen(v -> () -> {throw new IOException();});

---

void match(Consumer<T> onSuccess, Consumer<Throwable> onError)

Matches the Result, either success or error, and supplies the appropriate Consumer with the value or error.

Result.of(() -> getValue())
      .match(
          success -> System.out.println(success),
          error -> System.err.println(error.getMessage())
      );

---

Result<T> recover(Function<Throwable,Result<T>> f)

Provide a way to attempt to recover from an error state.

Result<Integer> result = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                               .recover(e -> Result.of(() -> getSafeValue(e)));

---

Result<T> peek(Consumer<T> consumer)

Provide the value within the Result, if it is a success, to the Consumer, and returns this Result.

Result<Integer> result = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                               .peek(v -> System.out.println(v));

---

Result<T> thenWith(Function<T,WithResultContinuation<T>> f)

Perform the continuation with the current Result value then return the current Result, assuming there was no error in the continuation.

Result<Integer> result =
        Result.of(() -> getValue())
              .thenWith(v -> () -> System.out.println(v))
              .thenWith(v -> () -> {throw new IOException();});

---

Result<Maybe<T>> maybe(Predicate<T> predicate)

Wraps the value within the Result in a Maybe, either a Just if the predicate is true, or Nothing.

Result<Maybe<Integer>> result = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                                      .maybe(v -> v % 2 == 0);

---

T orElseThrow()

Extracts the successful value from the Result, or throws the error within a CheckedErrorResultException.

Integer result = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                       .orElseThrow();

---

<E extends Exception> T orElseThrow(Class<E> type) throws E

Extracts the successful value from the Result, or throws the error when it is of the given type. Any other errors will be thrown inside an UnexpectedErrorResultException.

Integer result = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                       .orElseThrow(IOException.class);

---

T orElseThrowUnchecked()

Extracts the successful value from the Result, or throws the error within an ErrorResultException.

Integer result = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                       .orElseThrowUnchecked();

---

void onError(Consumer<Throwable> errorConsumer)

A handler for error states. If the Result is an error, then supply the error to the Consumer. Does nothing if the Result is a success.

Result.of(() -> getValue())
      .onError(e -> handleError(e));

---

boolean isOkay()

Checks if the Result is a success.

boolean isOkay = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                       .isOkay();

---

boolean isError()

Checks if the Result is an error.

boolean isError = Result.of(() -> getValue())
                        .isError();

---

Tree

A Generalised tree, where each node may or may not have an item, and may have any number of sub-trees. Leaf nodes are Trees with zero sub-trees.

Static Constructors

static <R> Tree<R> leaf(R item)

Create a leaf containing the item. The leaf has no sub-trees.

Tree<String> tree = Tree.leaf("item");

---

static<R> Tree<R> of(R item, Collection<Tree<R>> subtrees)

Create a tree containing the item and sub-trees.

Tree<String> tree = Tree.of("item", Collections.singletonList(Tree.leaf("leaf"));

---

static <B> TreeBuilder<B> builder(final Class<B> type)

Create a new TreeBuilder starting with an empty tree.

TreeBuilder<Integer> builder = Tree.builder(Integer.class);

---

static <B> TreeBuilder<B> builder(final Tree<B> tree)

Create a new TreeBuilder for the given tree.

Tree<Integer> tree = ...;
TreeBuilder<Integer> builder = Tree.builder(tree);

---

Instance Methods

<R> Tree<R> map(Function<T, R> f)

Applies the function to the item within the Tree and to all sub-trees, returning a new Tree.

Tree<UUID> tree = ...;
Tree<String> result = tree.map(UUID::toString);

---

Maybe<T> item()

Returns the contents of the Tree node within a Maybe.

Tree<Item> tree = ...;
Maybe<Item> result = tree.item();

---

int count()

Returns the total number of items in the Tree, including sub-trees. Null items don't count.

Tree<Item> tree = ...;
int result = tree.count();

---

List<Tree<T> subTrees()

Returns a list of sub-trees within the Tree.

Tree<Item> tree = ...;
List<Tree<Item>> result = tree.subTrees();

---

TreeBuilder

A mutable builder for a Tree. Each TreeBuilder allows modification of a single Tree node. You can use the select(childItem) method to get a TreeBuilder for the subtree that has the given child item.

Example

TreeBuilder<Integer> builder = Tree.builder();
builder.set(12).addChildren(Arrays.asList(1, 3, 5, 7));
TreeBuilder<Integer> builderFor3 = builder.select(3);
builderFor3.addChildren(Arrays.asList(2, 4));
Tree<Integer> tree = builder.build();

Will produce a Tree like:

Static Constructors

None. The TreeBuilder is instantiated by Tree.builder().

Instance Methods

Tree<T> build()

Create the immutable Tree.

TreeBuilder<Integer> builder = Tree.builder();
Tree<Integer> tree = builder.build();

---

TreeBuilder<T> item(T item)

Set the current Tree's item and return the TreeBuilder.

TreeBuilder<T> add(Tree<T> subtree)

Adds the subtree to the current tree.

TreeBuilder<T> addChild(T childItem)

Add the Child item as a sub-Tree.

TreeBuilder<T> addChildren(List<T> children)

Add all the child items as subTrees.

Maybe<TreeBuilder<T>> select(T childItem)

Create a TreeBuilder for the subTree of the current Tree that has the childItem.

Lazy

A lazily evaluated expression. Using a Supplier to provide the value, only evaluates the value when required, and never more than once.

Static Constructors

static <R> Lazy<R> of(Supplier<R> supplier)

Create a new Lazy value from the Supplier.

Suppler<UUID> supplier = ...;
Lazy<UUID> lazy = Lazy.of(supplier);

Instance Methods

boolean isEvaluated()

Checks if the value has been evaluated.

Lazy<UUID> lazy = ...;
boolean isEvaluated = lazy.isEvaluated();

---

T value()

The value, evaluating it if necessary.

Lazy<UUID> lazy = ...;
UUID value = lazy.value();

---

<R> Lazy<R> map(Function<T, R> f)

Maps the Lazy instance into a new Lazy instance using the Function.

Lazy<UUID> uuidLazy = ...;
Lazy<String> stringLazy = uuidLazy.map(v -> v.toString());

---

Either

Allows handling a value that can be one of two types, a left value/type, or a right value/type.

Either is not a Monad.

When an Either is returned from a method it will contain either a left or a right.

Where the Either is used to represent success/failure, the left case is, by convention, used to indicate the error, and right the success. An alternative is to use the Result which more clearly distinguishes success from failure.

---

Static Constructors

static <L, R> Either<L, R> left(final L l)

Create a new Either holding a left value.

Either<Integer, String> left = Either.left(getIntegerValue());

---

static <L, R> Either<L, R> right(final R r)

Create a new Either holding a right value.

Either<Integer, String> right = Either.right(getStringValue());

---

Instance Methods

boolean isLeft()

Checks if the Either holds a left value.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.left(getIntegerValue());
boolean leftIsLeft = either.isLeft();
boolean rightIsLeft = either.isLeft();

---

boolean isRight()

Checks if the Either holds a right value.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.left(getIntegerValue());
boolean leftIsRight = either.isRight();
boolean rightIsRight = either.isRight();

---

void match(Consumer<L> onLeft, Consumer<R> onRight)

Matches the Either, invoking the correct Consumer.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.left(getIntegerValue());
either.match(
    left -> handleIntegerValue(left),
    right -> handleStringValue(right)
);

---

<T> Either<T, R> mapLeft(Function<L, T> f)

Map the Function across the left value.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.left(getIntegerValue());
Either<Double, String> either = either.mapLeft(i -> i.doubleValue());

---

<T> Either<L, T> mapRight(Function<R, T> f)

Map the function across the right value.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.left(getIntegerValue());
Either<Integer, String> either = either.mapRight(s -> s + "x");

---

<T> Either<T, R> flatMapLeft(Function<L, Either<T, R>> f)

FlatMap the function across the left value.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.left(2);
Either<Integer, String> resultLeft = either.flatMapLeft(l -> Either.left(l * 2));
Either<Integer, String> resultRight = either.flatMapLeft(l -> Either.right(l * 2));

---

<T> Either<T, R> flatMapRight(Function<L, Either<T, R>> f)

FlatMap the function across the right value.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.right("2");
Either<Integer, String> resultLeft = either.flatMapRight(l -> Either.left(l * 2));
Either<Integer, String> resultRight = either.flatMapRight(l -> Either.right(l * 2));

---

Optional<L> getLeft()

Returns an Optional containing the left value, if is a left, otherwise returns an empty Optional.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.right("2");
Optional<Integer> left = either.getLeft();

---

Optional<R> getRight()

Returns an Optional containing the right value, if is a right, otherwise returns an empty Optional.

Either<Integer, String> either = Either.right("2");
Optional<String> right = either.getRight();

Combinators

Taken from The Bounds of Java Newsletter #3, although the associated article isn't online anymore.

After

Attach a BiConsumer to a Function, so that when the Function is called, the BiConsumer is called afterwards, receiving the original argument to the Function plus the result.

Example

BiConsumer<BigDecimal, String> after =
    (amount, result) ->
        System.out.println("Amount was " + amount + ", Result is " + result);

var tax = BigDecimal.valueOf("1.22");
Function<BigDecimal, String> addTax =
    amount -> "$" + amount.multiply(tax);

Function<BigDecimal, String> addTaxDecorated =
        After.decorate(addTax, after);

var amount = BigDecimal.valueOf("1000");
String result = addTaxDecorated.apply(amount);

---

static <T, R> Function<T, R> After.decorate(Function<T, R> function, BiConsumer<T, R> after)

Creates a new decorated Function.

---

Before

Attach a Consumer to a Function, so that when the Function is called, the Consumer is called first, receiving the argument to the Function.

Example

Consumer<BigDecimal> before =
    amount -> System.out.println("Amount is " + amount);

var tax = BigDecimal.valueOf("1.22");
Function<BigDecimal, String> addTax =
    amount -> "$" + amount.multiply(tax);
    
Function<BigDecimal, String> addTaxDecorated =
    Before.decorate(before, addTax);

var amount = BigDecimal.valueOf("1000");
String result = addTaxDecorated.apply(amount);

static <T, R> Function<T, R> decorate(Consumer<T> before, Function<T, R> function)

Creates a new decorated Function.

Around

Attach a BiConsumer to a Function, so that when the Function is called, the BiConsumer is called with an Around.Executable that will invoke the Function. The BiConsumer is responsible for calling execute() on the Around.Executable in order to invoke the Function. The BiConsumer can perform actions before and after calling execute() on the Around.Executable.

Example

BiConsumer<Around.Executable<String>, BigDecimal> around =
    (function, amount) -> {
        System.out.println("Amount is " + amount);
        var result = function.execute(); // INVOKE THE FUNCTION
        System.out.println("Result is " + result");
    };

var tax = BigDecimal.valueOf("1.22");
Function<BigDecimal, String> addTax =
    amount -> "$" + amount.multiply(tax);
    
Function<BigDecimal, String> addTaxDecorated =
    Around.decorate(addTax, around);

var amount = BigDecimal.valueOf("1000");
String result = addTaxDecorated.apply(amount);

static <T, R> Function<T, R> decorate(final Function<T, R> function, final BiConsumer<Executable<R>, T> around)

Creates a new decorated Function.